Insulin Resistance

Medical Author: Ruchi Mathur, M.D., FRCP(C)
Medical Editor: Jay W. Marks, M.D.
Medical Revising Editor: William C. Shiel, Jr, MD, FACP, FACR

• What is insulin resistance?
• What causes insulin resistance?
• What is the relationship between insulin resistance and diabetes?
• What medical conditions are associated with insulin resistance?
• Who is at risk for insulin resistance?
• How is insulin resistance diagnosed?
• How is insulin resistance managed?
• What's new in insulin resistance?
• Insulin Resistance At A Glance
• Related Insulin Resistance articles:
  Glycemic Index - on WebMD
• Patient Discussions: Insulin Resistance - Describe Your Experience

What is insulin resistance?

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the beta cells, which are cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas. The insulin produced is released into the blood stream and travels throughout the body. Insulin is an important hormone that has many actions within the body. Most of the actions of insulin are directed at metabolism (control) of carbohydrates (sugars and starches), lipids (fats), and proteins. Insulin also is important in regulating the cells of the body including their growth.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which the cells of the body become resistant to the effects of insulin, that is, the normal response to a given amount of insulin is reduced. As a result, higher levels of insulin are needed in order for insulin to have its effects. The resistance is seen with both the body's own insulin (endogenous) and if insulin is given through injection (exogenous).

What causes insulin resistance?

There are probably several causes of insulin resistance and there is thought to be a strong genetic factor (an inherited component), Some medications also can lead to insulin resistance. In addition, insulin resistance is seen often in the following conditions:

• the metabolic syndrome
• obesity
• pregnancy
• infection or severe illness
• stress
• during steroid use

Next: What is the relationship between insulin resistance and diabetes? »

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